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<a href="/refer/upcloud" target="_blank">Visit UpCloud</a> (Affiliate)

UpCloud is a cloud-based infrastructure as a service (IaaS) provider that offers scalable virtual private servers (VPS) 
with a range of advanced features. The platform is designed to provide developers and businesses with high-performance 
computing resources, customizable storage options, and a range of automation tools to make managing applications and 
services easier.

One of the standout features of UpCloud is its lightning-fast server performance. The company's proprietary MaxIOPS 
technology ensures that disk input/output (I/O) is faster than traditional storage solutions, resulting in faster 
application load times and improved user experiences. Additionally, UpCloud offers a range of customizable server 
configurations to match specific application needs, from small-scale personal projects to large enterprise-level 
applications.

UpCloud also provides a user-friendly web-based control panel that simplifies the process of creating and managing 
servers. The platform offers an API for easy automation and integration with existing tools, as well as comprehensive 
monitoring and analytics tools to help users optimize server performance.

Another significant advantage of UpCloud is its global network of data centers, which allows developers to deploy their 
applications closer to their users, reducing latency and improving overall performance. The company's data centers are 
also designed to provide the highest levels of security, with multiple layers of protection, redundant power and cooling, 
and 24/7 monitoring.

One potential downside of UpCloud is its pricing, which may be more expensive than other cloud service providers for some 
users. However, the platform's advanced features and high-performance capabilities may justify the added expense for some 
businesses and developers.

Overall, UpCloud is an excellent choice for businesses and developers looking for a high-performance cloud infrastructure 
with customizable server configurations and a range of automation tools. Its advanced features and user-friendly interface 
make it a compelling option for those seeking a scalable, secure, and reliable cloud-based solution.

<a href="/refer/upcloud" target="_blank">Visit UpCloud</a> (Affiliate)

UpCloud is an IaaS provider that offers customizable VPS with high-performance computing resources,  advanced automation tools, and a global network of secure data centers. Its proprietary MaxIOPS technology ensures  faster server performance, and its user-friendly control panel simplifies server management. UpCloud is designed for  businesses and developers seeking a scalable, reliable, and high-performance cloud infrastructure.

UpCloud Review

In this tutorial, we will provide you with a detailed guide on how to install the LAMP stack on an CentOS 8 server.
The LAMP stack consists of four components: **L**inux, **A**pache, **M**ySQL, and **P**HP. These tools are used together
to host web applications written in PHP, making it a powerful and flexible solution for web development.

Installing the LAMP stack on an CentOS server is a relatively straightforward process, but it does require some technical
knowledge and experience with the command line. We will walk you through each step of the process to ensure that you are
able to set up your LAMP stack successfully.

## Requirements

To run a LAMP web server, we're going to need a server with CentOS 8 installed as its operating
system. You can [grab yourself $200 free credit from Digital Ocean](https://m.do.co/c/e708d0850a94) to get a virtual
machine if you haven't got a server already!

Although it isn't required, we highly recommend you set up some basic firewall rules along with a non-root user. Take a
look at our [basic CentOS 8 server setup guide](/tutorials/linux/connecting-to-a-linux-server-via-ssh) on how to do
that.

During this guide, we will mention `my_domain` which you'll need to replace with your actual domain name.

Installing LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) on CentOS 8 is a multi-step process that involves installing and configuring each component individually. Here is a detailed guide on how to set up LAMP on CentOS 8:

###Install Apache Web Server:

Open a terminal and run the following command to install Apache:\
`sudo dnf install httpd`

Once the installation is complete, start the Apache service by running:\
`sudo systemctl start httpd`

To make sure Apache starts automatically on boot, run:\
`sudo systemctl enable httpd`

## Install MySQL Server:

Run the following command to install MySQL:\
`sudo dnf install mariadb-server mariadb`

Once the installation is complete, start the MySQL service by running:\
`sudo systemctl start mariadb`

To make sure MySQL starts automatically on boot, run:\
`sudo systemctl enable mariadb`

Now, run the following command to secure MySQL installation:\
`sudo mysql_secure_installation`

Follow the prompts to set the root password and answer the questions.

## Install PHP:

Run the following command to install PHP and the necessary modules for running PHP with Apache:\
`sudo dnf install php php-mysqlnd php-opcache`
Once the installation is complete, you will need to configure Apache to use PHP. To do this, open the file
`/etc/httpd/conf.d/php.conf` and add the following line at the end of the file:\
`AddType application/x-httpd-php .php`

Restart Apache for the changes to take effect:\
`sudo systemctl restart httpd`

## Verify the installation:

To verify that LAMP is working properly, create a new file named "info.php" in the /var/www/html/ directory:\
`sudo nano /var/www/html/info.php`

Add the following line to the file:\

```php
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
```

Save the file and exit.

Open a web browser and navigate to the following URL:\
**http://your_server_ip/info.php**

If everything is working correctly, you should see a page displaying information about your PHP installation.
That's it, you have successfully installed LAMP stack on your CentOS 8 server.

## Conclusions

Congratulation, you should now have a functioning LAMP stack web server with Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP set up and running.
You can now begin building your website and show it off to the world!

You should now go ahead and protect your website with an SSL certificate using Let's Encrypt, [we have a guide](someguide.com)
outlining exactly how to do this!

Learn how to install the LAMP stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) on a CentOS 8server in this tutorial. Follow the step-by-step guide to set up a powerful and flexible web development environment on your server.

How to install LAMP stack on CentOS 8


Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration system for automating the deployment, scaling, and management of
containerized applications. It was originally developed by Google and is now maintained by the Cloud Native Computing
Foundation (CNCF).

Kubernetes provides a platform-agnostic way to manage and deploy containerized applications, allowing developers to focus
on writing code rather than worrying about infrastructure management. It provides a set of APIs and tools for automating
the deployment, scaling, and monitoring of containerized applications across a cluster of machines.

A Kubernetes cluster consists of a set of worker machines, called nodes, that run the containerized applications, and a
set of control plane components that manage the state of the cluster. The control plane components include the API server,
etcd, and the controller manager and scheduler.

The API server is the primary component of the control plane, and it exposes a RESTful API for interacting with the
cluster. This API can be used by other components of the control plane, as well as by external tools and clients, to
query the state of the cluster and make changes to it.

Etcd is a distributed key-value store that stores the configuration data for the cluster. It is used by the API server
to store the current state of the cluster, including the desired state of the applications and the current state of the
nodes.

The controller manager and scheduler are two other control plane components that work together to ensure that the desired
state of the applications is maintained. The controller manager watches the current state of the cluster and makes changes
to bring it in line with the desired state, while the scheduler is responsible for determining which nodes should run
which pods (a pod is the smallest and simplest unit in the Kubernetes object model, that can contain one or more
containers, and shared storage/network resources) based on the available resources and the desired state.

In addition to the control plane components, Kubernetes also includes a number of other tools and features that make it
a powerful platform for managing containerized applications. These include:

-   **Namespaces:** a way to partition resources in a cluster and provide multi-tenancy.
-   **Volumes:** a way to provide persistent storage to containers.
-   **Services:** a way to expose applications running in the cluster to external clients.
-   **Replication Controllers:** a way to ensure that a specified number of replicas of a pod are running at all times.
-   **ConfigMaps and Secrets:** a way to manage configuration data and secrets separately from the application code.

Kubernetes is quickly becoming the de facto standard for container orchestration, and it is supported by all major cloud
providers, including Google Cloud Platform, Amazon Web Services, and Microsoft Azure. It is also widely adopted by
organizations of all sizes, from startups to large enterprises, for managing their containerized applications in
production.

In summary, Kubernetes is an open-source platform-agnostic system for automating the deployment, scaling, and management
of containerized applications. It provides a set of APIs and tools for automating the deployment, scaling, and monitoring
of containerized applications across a cluster of machines. Kubernetes provides powerful features such as replica
controller, services, and configmaps that helps to manage containerized applications in a more efficient way.


Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration system that automates the deployment, scaling, and  management of containerized applications. This article will cover the basics of Kubernetes and its growing popularity in  the industry. It will also highlight the features and benefits of using Kubernetes for managing containerized  applications, including its support for major cloud providers.

What is Kubernetes?


Docker is an open-source platform that enables developers to easily package, deploy, and run applications in containers.
Containers are a lightweight and portable way to run software that is isolated from the host system. They provide a
consistent environment for applications to run in, regardless of the underlying infrastructure.

Docker uses a technology called containerization to package applications and their dependencies into a single container.
This container can then be run on any system that has the Docker runtime installed, making it easy to deploy applications
in a consistent environment.

Docker containers are built from images, which are snapshots of a container's file system and configuration. These images
can be stored in a central repository, such as Docker Hub, where they can be easily shared and reused by other developers.

Docker images are built from a series of layers, which allows for efficient sharing of common files between images. This
means that when multiple images share the same base layer, they only need to store the differences in their own layers,
making them smaller and faster to download.

Docker also provides a number of tools for managing containers and images, including the Docker daemon, the Docker client,
and the Docker Compose tool. The Docker daemon is responsible for managing the container lifecycle, while the Docker client
provides a command-line interface for interacting with the daemon. Docker Compose is a tool for defining and running
multi-container applications.

Docker also supports orchestration of containers, which is the process of managing and coordinating multiple containers
to run in a coordinated way. This is achieved with the use of orchestration tools like Docker Swarm and Kubernetes.

Docker is widely supported by all major cloud providers and is also commonly used in development and production
environments by organizations of all sizes. It offers a number of benefits over traditional virtualization, such as
improved resource utilization, faster deployment, and better portability.

One of the main benefits of using Docker is that it allows developers to easily package and distribute their applications.
This makes it easy for developers to share their work with others and for others to run and test that work in a consistent
environment.

Another benefit of using Docker is that it allows for efficient resource utilization. Because containers share the host
system's kernel and libraries, they consume less resources than traditional virtual machines. This allows for more
applications to run on the same hardware, which can lead to cost savings for organizations.

Finally, Docker enables efficient deployment of applications. Because containers are lightweight and portable, they can
be easily moved between environments, such as from development to production. This can greatly speed up the deployment
process and reduce the risk of issues arising from inconsistent environments.

In summary, Docker is an open-source platform that enables developers to package, deploy and run their applications in
containers. It provides a consistent environment for applications to run in and enables efficient sharing, deployment and
scaling of applications. Docker is widely supported by cloud providers and is commonly used in development and production
environments by organizations of all sizes. It offers benefits such as improved resource utilization, faster deployment,
and better portability.


Docker is an open-source platform that simplifies the packaging, deployment, and running of applications in  containers. This article will cover the basics of Docker and its growing popularity in the industry. It will also  highlight the benefits of using Docker, such as improved portability and efficient resource utilization. This article  will provide an introduction to why Docker is becoming an essential tool for containerizing applications.

What is Docker?


Jamstack is a modern web development architecture that utilizes pre-built, reusable components and a set of client-side
JavaScript technologies to create fast and secure websites and web apps. It is a combination of three main components:
**JavaScript**, **APIs**, and **Markup**.

**JavaScript**: The frontend of a Jamstack app is built using JavaScript frameworks and libraries such as React, Vue.js,
or Angular. These frameworks allow developers to build dynamic and interactive user interfaces.

**APIs**: The backend of a Jamstack app is powered by APIs. These can be custom-built or third-party services such as
Firebase, AWS Lambda, or Contentful. These APIs handle tasks such as authentication, data storage, and server-side logic.

**Markup**: The markup is generated at build time, rather than on the fly, by a static site generator such as Gatsby,
Next.js, or Jekyll. This results in faster load times and improved security, as there is no need for server-side rendering
or database queries.

## Benefits of Jamstack include:

-   Improved performance: Since the markup is pre-built and served from a CDN, the site loads faster for the user.

-   Security: Since there is no need for server-side rendering or database queries, the risk of data breaches is greatly
    reduced.

-   Scalability: Since the frontend and backend are decoupled, the site can easily scale horizontally by adding more
    servers or vertically by adding more resources to existing servers.

-   Cost-effective: Since the site is pre-built and served from a CDN, the hosting costs are significantly lower than
    traditional server-side rendered sites.

-   Development experience: The Jamstack architecture allows for a more modular development experience, with reusable
    components and a focus on building small, single-purpose APIs.

To implement Jamstack, a developer needs to choose a static site generator, a JavaScript framework, and an API service.
Then, they can start building their site or application by creating reusable components and connecting them to the API.
Once the development is done, the site can be deployed to a CDN for fast and secure delivery to users.


This article covers Jamstack, a modern web development method that improves website performance, security,  and reduces hosting costs using pre-built components, JavaScript and APIs. It highlights the benefits of Jamstack such as  improved performance, increased security, scalability and cost-effectiveness, and explains the advantages of its modular  development approach.

What is Jamstack?

<a href="https://www.vultr.com/?ref=9334361" target="_blank">Visit Vultr</a> (Affiliate)

Vultr is a cloud computing platform that allows users to easily deploy and manage virtual machines (VMs) and other
resources in the cloud. It has a user-friendly control panel and a global network of data centers, making it easy for
users to spin up resources and get started quickly.

One of the key features of Vultr is its wide range of operating systems and pre-installed applications. It supports a
variety of Linux distributions, as well as Windows, and includes a range of popular applications such as WordPress and
LAMP stack. This makes it easy for users to get started with a variety of projects and applications.

In terms of performance, Vultr has received positive reviews. It offers a range of tools and features to help users
monitor and optimize the performance of their resources, including detailed analytics and alerts. It also has a solid
network infrastructure, with low latency and high uptime.

One potential downside of Vultr is that it doesn't offer a free tier or trial period. While it has a range of pricing
options to suit different needs and budgets, users will need to commit to a subscription in order to use the service.

Overall, Vultr is a reliable and user-friendly cloud computing platform that is well-suited to a wide range of users,
including developers, startups, and small to medium-sized businesses. Its wide range of operating systems and
pre-installed applications, as well as its solid network infrastructure and performance monitoring tools, make it a
strong choice for those in need of a scalable and flexible cloud computing platform.

<a href="https://www.vultr.com/?ref=9334361" target="_blank">Visit Vultr</a> (Affiliate)

Vultr is a cloud computing platform that enables users to deploy virtual machines and other resources. It  has a user-friendly control panel and offers a range of tools and features to help users monitor and optimize  erformance. Vultr is popular among developers, startups, and small to medium-sized businesses and offers a range of  pricing options.

Vultr Review


Apache and Nginx are two of the most popular web servers in use today. Both servers are open-source software that can
be used to host websites and serve web content to clients. In this article, we will compare Apache and Nginx in terms of
their architecture, performance, and use cases.

## Architecture:

Apache uses a process-based architecture, which means that it creates a new process for each incoming request. This
allows Apache to handle a large number of requests concurrently, but it can also be resource-intensive, especially on
systems with limited memory.

Nginx, on the other hand, uses an event-based architecture, which means that it uses a small number of worker processes
to handle a large number of incoming connections. This allows Nginx to handle a larger number of requests with less
memory and CPU usage than Apache.

## Performance:

In terms of performance, Nginx is generally considered to be faster and more efficient than Apache. This is due in part
to its event-based architecture, which allows it to handle a larger number of connections with fewer resources. Nginx is
also known for its ability to efficiently serve static content, such as images and CSS files, which can help to reduce
the load on the server and improve overall performance.

Apache, on the other hand, can be more resource-intensive due to its process-based architecture. However, it does offer
a number of features and modules that can be used to optimize performance, such as mod_deflate for compressing content
and mod_cache for caching frequently-accessed content.

## Use cases:

Both Apache and Nginx are widely used in a variety of applications, but they do have some differences in terms of their
preferred use cases. Apache is often used for traditional LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) stack environments and is
known for its support for a wide range of programming languages and modules. It is also the most widely-used web server,
which means that it has a large community of developers and users who can provide support and assistance.

Nginx, on the other hand, is often used in high-traffic environments where performance is a key concern. It is commonly
used as a reverse proxy server in front of Apache or other web servers, and it is also used as a load balancer to
distribute traffic across multiple servers. Nginx is known for its ability to handle a large number of connections
concurrently and is often used to serve static content, such as images and CSS files.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, Apache and Nginx are both powerful and widely-used web servers with their own unique strengths and
capabilities. Apache is known for its versatility and support for a wide range of programming languages and modules,
while Nginx is known for its performance and efficiency in high-traffic environments. Both servers are suitable for a
variety of use cases, and the choice between them will depend on the specific requirements of your project.


When it comes to hosting websites, it's important to choose the right web server. In this article, we  compare Apache and Nginx in terms of architecture, performance, and use cases to help you determine the best option for  your needs.

Apache vs Nginx: Which is the best web server for you?

A reverse proxy is a server that sits in front of one or more web servers and directs client requests to the appropriate
server. Reverse proxies can be used to load balance traffic, cache content, and provide SSL termination, among other
things. In this guide, we will show you how to set up a reverse proxy using Nginx on Ubuntu.

First, make sure that you have Nginx installed on your server. If you don't have Nginx installed, you can install it by
running the following commands:\
`sudo apt-get update`\
`sudo apt-get install nginx`

Once Nginx is installed, you will need to create a new configuration file for your reverse proxy. You can do this by
creating a new file in the `/etc/nginx/sites-available` directory. For example, you might create a file called
`reverse-proxy.conf`.

In your configuration file, you will need to specify the upstream servers that you want to proxy traffic to. This is
done using the upstream block. For example:

```shell
upstream app_server {
 server app1.example.com;
 server app2.example.com;
}
```

Next, you will need to create a server block for your reverse proxy. In this block, you will need to specify the domain
name that you want to use for your reverse proxy, as well as the location of the SSL certificate and key if you want to
serve traffic over HTTPS. You will also need to specify the `proxy_pass` directive, which tells Nginx where to forward
traffic. For example:

```shell
upstream app_server {
 server app1.example.com;
 server app2.example.com;
}

server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name example.com;

 location / {
 proxy_pass http://app_server;
 }
}
```

Once you have created your configuration file, you will need to enable it by creating a symbolic link from the
`sites-available` directory to the `sites-enabled` directory. You can do this by running the following command:\
`sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/reverse-proxy.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/`

Finally, you will need to test your configuration and restart Nginx to apply the changes. You can test your
configuration by running the following command:\
`sudo nginx -t`

If the test is successful, you can restart Nginx by running the following command:\
`sudo service nginx restart`

## Conclusion

That's it! You should now have a working reverse proxy set up using Nginx. If you want to learn more about Nginx and how
to configure it, you can check out the Nginx documentation at <https://nginx.org/en/docs>.

In this article, we will show you how to set up an Nginx reverse proxy on Ubuntu. We will cover everything  you need to know, from installation to debugging. This article is suitable for developers looking to host multiple  websites on a single server or business owners looking to improve the performance and security of their online presence.

How to setup an Nginx reverse proxy (Ubuntu)

<a href="/refer/hostinger" target="_blank">Visit Hostinger</a> (Affiliate)

Hostinger is a web hosting provider that offers a range of hosting plans for individuals and businesses. It is known for
its budget-friendly prices and easy-to-use control panel.

One of the main benefits of Hostinger is its variety of hosting plans, which include shared hosting, VPS hosting, and
cloud hosting. This allows users to choose the plan that best fits their needs and budget. The company also offers a
range of add-on services, such as SSL certificates and domain registration, which can help users get their websites up
and running quickly.

Another advantage of Hostinger is its control panel, which is easy to use and includes a range of useful features. For
example, users can easily install popular applications such as WordPress, Joomla, and Magento with just a few clicks.
The control panel also includes tools for managing email accounts, databases, and domain names.

In terms of performance, Hostinger is known for its fast and reliable servers. It also offers a 99.9% uptime guarantee,
which ensures that users' websites will remain online and accessible to visitors.

Overall, Hostinger is a solid choice for those looking for a budget-friendly hosting provider with a user-friendly
control panel. It is particularly well-suited for small businesses and individuals who need a simple and affordable
hosting solution.

<a href="/refer/hostinger" target="_blank">Visit Hostinger</a> (Affiliate)

Hostinger is a web hosting company that offers shared, VPS, and cloud hosting, as well as domain registration  and other add-on services. It is known for its affordable prices and user-friendly control panel, and offers fast and  reliable servers with a 99.9% uptime guarantee.

Hostinger Review

Cloudflare Pages is a platform for building and hosting static websites that offers a wide range of features and benefits.

One of the standout features of Cloudflare Pages is its ease of use. The platform has a simple and intuitive interface
that makes it easy to build and customize your website. It also offers a wide range of templates and themes to choose
from, so you can quickly get your website up and running without having to start from scratch.

Another major advantage of Cloudflare Pages is its performance. Because it is built on top of the Cloudflare network,
your website will be served from Cloudflare's edge locations around the world, which means that it will be delivered to
your visitors with lightning-fast speed. In addition, Cloudflare Pages integrates with other Cloudflare products, such
as Cloudflare Workers, which allows you to add custom functionality to your website.

In terms of customization, Cloudflare Pages offers a wide range of options for customizing the look and feel of your
website. You can use the platform's built-in templates and themes, or you can create your own custom designs using HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript. Additionally, Cloudflare Pages offers integration with popular tools such as GitHub and GitLab, which
makes it easy to manage your website's source code and collaborate with others.

Overall, Cloudflare Pages is a powerful and easy-to-use platform for building and hosting static websites. Its combination
of fast performance, customization options, and integration with other Cloudflare products make it an excellent choice
for anyone looking to create a professional and reliable website.

<a href="/refer/cloudflare" target="_blank">Visit Cloudflare Pages</a>

Cloudflare Pages is a platform for building and hosting static websites, which are websites that consist  of only HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files. It allows you to create a website using templates and themes, or by writing your  own code, and it serves your website from its global network of servers for fast and reliable delivery.

Cloudflare Pages Review

<a href="/refer/digitalocean" target="_blank">Visit Digital Ocean</a> (Affiliate)

DigitalOcean is a cloud computing platform that offers virtual private servers (VPS) to host websites and applications.
It is a popular choice among developers and businesses due to its ease of use, customizable options, and competitive
pricing.

One of the main benefits of DigitalOcean is its intuitive control panel, which makes it easy for users to manage their
virtual servers and deploy applications. The platform offers a wide range of operating systems and application templates,
which can be quickly and easily deployed with just a few clicks.

Another advantage of DigitalOcean is its flexibility. Users can choose from a variety of different VPS plans, each with
different specs and pricing. This allows users to select the plan that best fits their needs and budget.

In terms of performance, DigitalOcean is known for its fast and reliable servers. It also offers a variety of add-on
services, such as managed databases and load balancers, which can help improve the performance and scalability of users'
applications.

Overall, DigitalOcean is a solid choice for those looking for a reliable and easy-to-use cloud computing platform. It is
particularly well-suited for developers and businesses that need a customizable and scalable hosting solution.

<a href="/refer/digitalocean" target="_blank">Visit Digital Ocean</a> (Affiliate)

DigitalOcean is a cloud computing platform that offers virtual private servers (VPS) for hosting websites  and applications. It is known for its customizable options, ease of use, and competitive pricing. Users can choose from  a range of VPS plans and easily deploy a variety of operating systems and applications.

Digital Ocean Review

<a href="/refer/kinsta" target="_blank">Visit Kinsta</a> (Affiliate)

Kinsta is a managed WordPress hosting provider that is known for its high-performance servers and advanced security
features. It is a popular choice among businesses and developers who need a reliable and scalable hosting solution for
their WordPress websites.

One of the main benefits of Kinsta is its focus on speed and performance. The company uses advanced caching techniques
and optimized servers to ensure that websites hosted on its platform load quickly and reliably. It also offers a range
of tools and features to help users optimize their websites for search engines and improve their overall performance.

In terms of security, Kinsta takes a number of steps to protect its users' websites. It includes features such as
automatic malware scanning, two-factor authentication, and daily backups to ensure that websites are secure and can be
easily restored in the event of an issue. The company also has a team of security experts who monitor its servers and
respond to any potential threats.

Kinsta offers a range of hosting plans to suit the needs of different users, including plans for small businesses,
agencies, and enterprise-level organizations. It also offers a range of add-on services, such as staging environments,
SSL certificates, and website migrations, which can help users manage and maintain their websites more easily.

Overall, Kinsta is a reliable and feature-rich hosting provider that is well-suited for businesses and developers who
need a high-performance and secure hosting solution for their WordPress websites. Its scalable plans and range of add-on
services make it a good choice for users who expect to see significant growth in the number of visitors to their websites.

<a href="/refer/kinsta" target="_blank">Visit Kinsta</a> (Affiliate)

Kinsta is a managed WordPress hosting provider known for its high-performance servers and advanced security  features. It offers scalable hosting plans and add-on services to help users manage and maintain their websites.

Kinsta Review


Installing a MariaDB Galera cluster on Ubuntu 22.02 is a straightforward process that allows you to set up a highly
available and scalable database cluster. In this blog post, we will guide you through the steps to install and configure
a MariaDB Galera cluster on three Ubuntu 22.02 machines. You will learn how to install the MariaDB Server and Galera
Cluster packages, as well as how to configure the cluster and start the MariaDB service on each machine. By the end of
this tutorial, you will have a fully functioning MariaDB Galera cluster that is ready to handle your database workload.

## Step 1 - Installing MariaDB Server

First, you need to install the MariaDB Server on each of the three machines. To do this, open a terminal on each machine
and enter the following commands:

`sudo apt update`\
`sudo apt install mariadb-server`

This will install the latest version of the MariaDB Server on your machine.

## Step 2- Installing MariaDB Galera Cluster

Next, you need to install the MariaDB Galera Cluster on each of the three machines. To do this, enter the following
command in the terminal on each machine:

`sudo apt install galera-3`

This will install the necessary packages for the Galera Cluster on your machine.

Once the MariaDB Server and Galera Cluster have been installed, you need to configure the cluster. To do this, you will
need to edit two configuration files:

`/etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/50-server.cnf`\
`/etc/mysql/conf.d/cluster.cnf`

In the `/etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/50-server.cnf` file, you need to add the following lines under the `[mysqld]` section:

```shell
binlog_format=ROW
default-storage-engine=innodb
innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2
bind-address=0.0.0.0
```

These lines configure the MariaDB Server to use the ROW-based binary log format, the InnoDB storage engine, and to listen
for connections from other hosts.

In the `/etc/mysql/conf.d/cluster.cnf` file, you need to add the following lines:

```shell
[mysqld]
wsrep_on=ON
wsrep_provider=/usr/lib/galera/libgalera_smm.so
wsrep_cluster_name="my_cluster"
wsrep_cluster_address="gcomm://IP1,IP2,IP3"
wsrep_node_name="node1"
wsrep_node_address="IP1"
wsrep_sst_method=rsync
```

These lines configure the Galera Cluster with a name, address, and node name. Replace **IP1**, **IP2**, and **IP3** with
the respective IP addresses of the three Ubuntu 22.02 machines. Replace node1 with a unique name for the current machine.

Once the configuration files have been edited, you can start the MariaDB service on the first machine by running the
following command:

`sudo systemctl start mariadb`

This will start the MariaDB Server on the first machine and initiate the Galera Cluster.

To start the MariaDB service on the remaining machines, run the following command on each machine:

`sudo systemctl start mariadb --wsrep-new-cluster`

This will start the MariaDB Server on the remaining machines and add them to the cluster.

## Conclusion

That's it! You have successfully installed and configured a MariaDB Galera Cluster on three Ubuntu 22.02 machines.


This guide will show you how to install a MariaDB Galera cluster on Ubuntu 22.02, providing high  availability and scalability for your database workloads.

Installing a MariaDB Galera cluster on Ubuntu 22.02


In this tutorial, we will provide you with a step-by-step guide on how to force your website's visitors to use HTTPS by
modifying your .htaccess file. HTTPS is a secure version of the HTTP protocol, which is used to transfer data between a
web browser and a website. It is encrypted in order to protect the confidentiality of data being transferred, making it
especially useful for transmitting sensitive information such as login credentials for online accounts.

## Step 1 – Creating your .htaccess file

To get started, you will need to create a .htaccess file in the directory where your website files are located. If you
already have one, simply open it up for editing.

## Step 2 – Add the required code

Once you have your .htaccess file ready, add the following code to it:

```
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [L,R=301]
```

This code tells the Apache server to redirect all HTTP traffic to the secure HTTPS version of your site. Once you have
saved your changes, all site traffic should now be forced to use HTTPS instead of HTTP. You can test this by visiting
your website and checking if it redirects to the HTTPS version.

## Conclusion

By following these simple steps, you can increase the security of your website and protect the confidentiality of your
users' data.


Learn how to use a .htaccess file to force HTTPS (SSL) on your website in this blog post. Protect the confidentiality of your users' data and increase the trustworthiness of your site by following the simple steps outlined in this guide.

How to force HTTPS (SSL) with a .htaccess file


Unlimited web hosting refers to a hosting plan that provides unlimited storage, bandwidth, and other resources for your
website. It is designed to give you the flexibility to grow your site without having to worry about running out of space
or exceeding your monthly data transfer limits.

There are several benefits to using unlimited web hosting. First and foremost, it gives you the peace of mind that you
won't have to worry about exceeding any limits and incurring additional charges. This can be especially useful for
websites that are expecting a lot of traffic or that are hosting large files, such as videos or high-resolution images.

Unlimited web hosting also makes it easier to scale your website as it grows. You can add new pages, features, and
content without having to worry about running out of space or exceeding your limits. This can save you time and hassle
as you expand and improve your site.

One thing to keep in mind is that unlimited web hosting is not always truly "unlimited." While the resources provided
may be very large, it is not uncommon for hosting companies to place some restrictions on usage, such as limits on CPU
usage or the number of files that can be stored. It is important to carefully read the terms of service and any fine
print before signing up for an unlimited hosting plan to ensure that you understand what is and is not included.

Overall, unlimited web hosting can be a good choice for websites that expect a lot of traffic or that need a lot of
storage and other resources. It can give you the flexibility and peace of mind to grow your site without worrying about
running out of space or exceeding limits. However, it is important to carefully read the terms of service and any fine
print before signing up to ensure that you understand what is and is not included in the plan.


"Unlimited" web hosting refers to a hosting plan that provides unlimited storage, bandwidth, and other  resources.

What is "unlimited" web hosting?

In this tutorial, we will provide you with a detailed guide on how to install the LAMP stack on an Ubuntu 20.04 server.
The LAMP stack consists of four components: **L**inux, **A**pache, **M**ySQL, and **P**HP. These tools are used together
to host web applications written in PHP, making it a powerful and flexible solution for web development.

Installing the LAMP stack on an Ubuntu server is a relatively straightforward process, but it does require some technical
knowledge and experience with the command line. We will walk you through each step of the process to ensure that you are
able to set up your LAMP stack successfully.

## Requirements

To run a LAMP web server, we're going to need a server with Ubuntu 20.04 installed as its operating
system. You can [grab yourself $200 free credit from Digital Ocean](https://m.do.co/c/e708d0850a94) to get a virtual
machine if you haven't got a server already!

Although it isn't required, we highly recommend you set up some basic firewall rules along with a non-root user. Take a
look at our [basic Ubuntu 20.04 server setup guide](/tutorials/linux/connecting-to-a-linux-server-via-ssh) on how to do
that.

During this guide, we will mention `my_domain` which you'll need to replace with your actual domain name.

## Step 1 - Getting your server ready

Once you have your Ubuntu 20.04 server, you'll need to connect to it via SSH
([check out this guide if you don't know how](/tutorials/linux/connecting-to-a-linux-server-via-ssh)). There are two
things we'll need to do first which are opening the required firewall ports and ensuring our server is fully up-to-date.

Before we do anything, ensuring the server is up-to-date and our package manager cache is updated is important to prevent
any errors when installing packages later on. This is achieved by running the below commands:

`sudo apt update -y`\
`sudo apt upgrade -y`

We are going to need two ports open, 80 and 443 which are for the web server. To open these, simply run the following
two commands:

`sudo ufw allow 80`\
`sudo ufw allow 443`

## Step 2 - Installing Apache & creating your virtual host

Now we can install our first package of the LAMP stack, Apache, which is going to be used as our web server. To do this,
we'll need to run the following command:

`sudo apt install apache2 -y`

Once this has been installed, we can then create our virtual host which is the web server configuration for our website.
We'll need to create a directory where our website files are going to be stored:

`sudo mkdir /var/www/my_domain`

Then we can change the ownership of the directory we just created:

`sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/my_domain`

After that, we can create our domain's configuration file. You can use any text editor for this but we'll be using nano:

`sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/my_domain.conf`

Once your file is open, we need to add the following code and save it:

```
<VirtualHost *:80>
	ServerName my_domain
	ServerAlias www.my_domain
	ServerAdmin webmaster@my_domain
	DocumentRoot /var/www/my_domain
	ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
	CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>
```

Finally, we need to enable the configuration we've just created and disable the default one that ships with Apache:

`sudo a2ensite my_domain`\
`sudo a2dissite 000-default`

We can then reload Apache to make our changes live on the web server:

`sudo systemctl reload apache2`

If you have followed each step carefully, your website will now be live. To test this you can create an `index.html` file and save the following code to it:

`nano /var/www/my_domain/index.html`

```html
<html>
 <head>
 <title>My website</title>
 </head>

 <body>
 <h1>Hello world</h1>
 </body>
</html>
```

You should now be able to access your site by visiting `http://my_domain` in your browser, it should look like this:
![Your website](https://i.hcloud.uk/ow71nmnoz6.png)

## Step 3 - Installing MySQL

Now we have our web server running, we need to install MySQL to serve as our database system. MySQL is an excellent
database system and is the most used for web applications.

To do this, we'll need to run the following command:

`sudo apt install mysql-server -y`

We can then run the pre-installed configuration script to start the setup of MySQL. This will allow us to set important
security settings. These settings should be set depending on your use case so please read each step carefully before
giving an answer. You can enter `Y` for yes and `N` for no.

`sudo mysql_secure_installation`

## Step 4 - Installing PHP

We will need to install the final part of our LAMP stack, PHP, which is used to process our code and display it to the
end-user.

Along with our `php` package, we'll also need the `php-mysql` package which is used to talk to our MySQL databases, and
`libapache2-mod-php` to allow Apache to handle our PHP files. Any required/core packages will be automatically installed
when we install PHP.

To install these packages, simply run the following command:

`sudo apt install php libapache2-mod-php php-mysql -y`

We can then verify PHP has been installed using this command:

`php -v`

By default, a file named `index.html` will always be used over an `index.php` file. If you want to change
this setting, you’ll need to edit the `/etc/apache2/mods-enabled/dir.conf` file and adjust the order ensuring
`index.php` comes first.

`sudo nano /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/dir.conf`

```
<IfModule mod_dir.c>
 DirectoryIndex index.php index.html index.cgi index.pl index.xhtml index.htm
</IfModule>
```

If you edit this file, you'll need to reload Apache with the following command:

`sudo systemctl reload apache2`

## Step 5 - Testing PHP can process files

Now we have all of our LAMP stack installed and configured, we need to test PHP can process our PHP files and display
these on your website.

The easiest way to do this is to create a file called `info.php` and use the `phpinfo()` function to view our PHP
configuration. This can be done with the following command and save the below content in the file:

`sudo nano /var/www/my_domain/info.php`

```
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
```

You should now be able to view this file by visiting `http://my_domain/info.php` in your browser, it should look like this:
![info.php](https://i.hcloud.uk/mdqmfc8sdb.png)

If your website is displaying a page similar to the above screenshot, PHP is successfully processing code to the web server!

## Conclusions

Congratulation, you should now have a functioning LAMP stack web server with Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP set up and running.
You can now begin building your website and show it off to the world!

You should now go ahead and protect your website with an SSL certificate using Let's Encrypt, [we have a guide](someguide.com)
outlining exactly how to do this!

Learn how to install the LAMP stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) on an Ubuntu 20.04 server in this  tutorial. Follow the step-by-step guide to set up a powerful and flexible web development environment on your server.